Convened by the Policy & Internet Journal, and co-sponsored by the Policy Studies Organization, and the Next Century Foundation, The Oxford Internet Policy and Politics Conference has just been held. The NCF put together a session titled “Online extremism – ban it or counter it?” in which the speakers were
- William Morris, The Next Century Foundation, Secretary General
- Paul Gutteridge, Honorary Fellow, Edward Cadbury Centre, University of Birmingham, Director at Track2talks
- Deborah Pout, Oxford Media Network, Communications Specialist and Middle East Analyst
- Mr Jaafar el-Ahmar, Head of the Next Century Foundation UK
The discussion was very radical in many ways and an edited portion of the debate can be found here:
However, one speaker, Mr Jaafar el Ahmar the Head of the NCF UK and a prominent commentator was unable to attend and his contribution we post in full below:
The Complex Landscape of Online Extremism
The rise of online extremism has become a global concern, with regions like the Middle East experiencing its profound impact. In the digital age, the dissemination of extremist ideologies through online platforms has grown exponentially, presenting both challenges and opportunities for governments and societies. This article explores the merits and demerits of censorship in addressing online extremism, with a focus on the Middle East.
But let me say in the beginning that I, as a journalist in the profession and a researcher, am NOT in favor of any censorship or restrictions on publishing and information flow in general.
Merits of Censorship:
- Prevention of Radicalization:
Censorship can play a crucial role in preventing the radicalization of individuals by restricting access to extremist content. By curbing the spread of propaganda and recruitment materials, governments can mitigate the risk of individuals being swayed toward extremist ideologies.
- National Security:
Governments often argue that censorship is necessary to safeguard national security. Limiting the dissemination of extremist content can help prevent the planning and execution of acts of terrorism. This is particularly relevant in the context of the Middle East, where political instability and regional conflicts heighten the need for stringent security measures.
- Social Cohesion:
Censorship can contribute to maintaining social cohesion by preventing the spread of divisive ideologies. In multi-ethnic and religiously diverse societies like those in the Middle East, controlling extremist narratives can help foster unity and understanding among various communities.
Demerits of Censorship:
- Freedom of Expression:
The primary criticism of censorship lies in its potential infringement on freedom of expression. Critics argue that suppressing certain viewpoints, even extremist ones, can undermine the fundamental democratic values of free speech. Striking a balance between security concerns and individual freedoms is a delicate challenge.
- Stifling Dissent:
Censorship may be exploited by governments to stifle political dissent under the guise of countering extremism. In the Middle East, where political landscapes can be contentious, censorship measures may be used to suppress opposition voices, limiting citizens’ ability to express legitimate grievances.
- Circumvention and Backlash:
In the digital age, censorship faces significant challenges, as tech-savvy individuals can often find ways to circumvent restrictions. Additionally, heavy-handed censorship can lead to a backlash, with some individuals becoming more inclined to embrace extremist ideologies as an act of rebellion against perceived oppression.
Examples from the Middle East
Many countries in the Middle East (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Israel) implemented strict online censorship to combat extremism and preserve societal norms. Some countries employed sophisticated technologies to monitor and censor online content deemed extremist or offensive. While this has contributed to national security, it has been criticized for restricting fundamental freedoms of expression and also raised concerns about the suppression of dissent, particularly concerning political and religious discourse.
Conclusion:
Addressing online extremism in the Middle East requires a delicate balance between ensuring national security and upholding democratic values. Censorship can be a tool to mitigate the spread of extremist ideologies, but its implementation should be cautious to avoid stifling legitimate expressions of dissent. Striking this balance is crucial for fostering a secure and cohesive society in the face of evolving challenges in the digital age.
One last point
The best way to combat extremism, whether it is online extremism or in public life, is to address its causes. Extremism is a symptom of a disease or diseases. As scientists say, treating the disease eliminates or reduces the symptoms.
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Case Study
The story of Young British schoolgirls and Radicalization
The most well-known case of young British schoolgirls being radicalized and traveling to Syria occurred in February 2015. Three teenage girls from East London – Shamima Begum, Amira Abase, and Kadiza Sultana – left their homes and families to join the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) in Syria. Their departure raised significant concerns and drew attention to the issue of radicalization among youth in Western countries. Shamima Begum, one of the three girls, gained international attention when she was later found in a Syrian refugee camp in 2019, prompting discussions about the challenges of dealing with individuals who had joined extremist groups and later sought to return home.
The radicalization of these young British schoolgirls and their subsequent journey to Syria is a tragic and complex phenomenon that has garnered significant attention from authorities, academics, and the public. The process of radicalization is multifaceted, involving various factors such as social, economic, and ideological influences. While each case is unique, some common elements can help explain how some young British schoolgirls were radicalized and ended up in Syria.
The main common factor was Online Radicalization, besides Social Networks and Peer Influence, Identity Crisis and Alienation, Manipulation by Recruitment Networks, Family Dynamics, and Failed Counter-Radicalization Measures.
1- Online Radicalization
The internet has played a pivotal role in the radicalization of individuals, providing a platform for extremist ideologies to reach susceptible minds. Social media platforms, in particular, have been used to disseminate propaganda, recruit followers, and glorify the activities of extremist groups. Young girls, like many others, may come across such content online and be drawn into the ideological narratives.
2- Social Networks and Peer Influence
Peer influence is a powerful factor in the radicalization process. Young individuals may be swayed by friends or acquaintances who have already been radicalized or share similar extremist views. The sense of belonging to a like-minded community can be appealing, especially to those who may feel isolated or marginalized.
3- Identity Crisis and Alienation
Some individuals, including young schoolgirls, may undergo an identity crisis or feel alienated from mainstream society. Factors such as discrimination, cultural clashes, or a sense of not fitting in can create vulnerability. Extremist ideologies may offer a seemingly empowering alternative identity that resonates with those feeling marginalized.
4- Manipulation by Recruitment Networks
Extremist organizations often have sophisticated recruitment networks that prey on vulnerable individuals. Recruiters may exploit personal grievances, promising a sense of purpose, adventure, or an escape from perceived injustices. Young girls, in particular, might be targeted with narratives that appeal to their sense of justice or desire for significance.
5- Family Dynamics
Family dynamics and relationships can also contribute to the radicalization process. Some individuals may experience tension or conflict within their families, pushing them towards seeking solace or validation in extremist ideologies. In some cases, family members may unknowingly play a role in the radicalization process.
6- Failed Counter-Radicalization Measures
The effectiveness of counter-radicalization measures and intervention programs is another aspect to consider. If these initiatives fail to address the underlying issues or provide meaningful alternatives, individuals may remain susceptible to extremist ideologies.
