The visit of high-ranking Emirati officials to Riyadh signalled a renewed emphasis on solidarity between the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, two Gulf heavyweights whose partnership has historically shaped the Middle East’s political landscape. While the countries have often aligned on key issues—especially on ensuring Gulf stability—their relationship has not always been without friction. This latest meeting, however, suggests a deliberate attempt to present a united front, potentially heralding a new chapter in their alliance.
Head to Head on Yemen
Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, its relationship with Saudi Arabia has been characterised by both cooperation and competition. Shared concerns over regional security and economic stability have driven collaboration in arenas such as the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). However, divergences in foreign policy approaches have occasionally strained ties.
For example, the two nations took differing stances in Yemen: while both initially cooperated under the Saudi-led coalition to restore President Hadi’s government, the UAE later shifted focus toward its own strategic interests in southern Yemen, including securing trade routes and backing southern separatists.
And Sudan
Similarly, the ongoing conflict in Sudan reveals a split in their alliances, with Saudi Arabia supporting General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan’s Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) while the UAE backs Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemeti) and his Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
These divergences have reflected deeper geopolitical strategies. Saudi Arabia, under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, seeks to assert its dominance as the preeminent leader of the Arab world. Meanwhile, the UAE, under Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has pursued an ambitious and independent foreign policy, leveraging its economic clout and military capabilities to gain influence beyond the Gulf.
A Show of Unity Amid Global Challenges
The latest high-profile meeting between UAE and Saudi comes against the backdrop of escalating conflicts and shifting alliances across the region. By presenting a united front, the two nations seem eager to dispel rumours of a rift and reinforce their shared vision for the Gulf. This show of solidarity could have several implications:
- Regional Stability: A stronger partnership between Riyadh and Abu Dhabi may strengthen the GCC’s collective bargaining power, especially in mediating conflicts like Sudan or addressing the crisis in Lebanon.
- Economic Collaboration: The nations’ joint efforts could bolster initiatives like Vision 2030 (Saudi Arabia) and Operation 300bn (UAE), fostering economic diversification and energy cooperation at a time when global reliance on hydrocarbons is declining.
- Unified Global Messaging: A closer UAE-Saudi alignment could signal a more coordinated stance on key global issues, including climate policy, relations with the U.S. and China, and security challenges like the Iran nuclear program.
Challenges Ahead
Despite these developments, fundamental differences remain. The proxy conflict in Sudan exemplifies how divergent strategic interests can lead to competing policies, even among allies. Saudi Arabia’s backing of Burhan aligns with its broader goal of supporting traditional state structures, while the UAE’s support for Hemeti reflects its preference for influential non-state actors who can advance Emirati economic and geopolitical interests.
Moreover, their relationship will be tested by emerging global crises. As both nations navigate their roles in a multipolar world, managing external partnerships—whether with China, Russia, or Western allies—will require careful coordination to avoid misalignments that could weaken their influence.
Conclusion
The recent Saudi-UAE summit underscores the enduring importance of their relationship in shaping the Middle East’s future. While this newfound unity is promising, it will need to withstand the pressures of conflicting interests and regional rivalries. If successfully managed, a stronger alliance could position the two nations as unparalleled powers in an increasingly fragmented world.
As they look to consolidate their influence, the UAE and Saudi Arabia have a unique opportunity to lead the way in addressing regional challenges—from Yemen to Sudan—while shaping a new narrative of Gulf cooperation on the global stage.
